Guidelines for perioperative antithrombotic therapy in hair restoration surgery: management of patients with coronary heart disease, mechanical heart valve, and atrial fibrillation

3-dimensional computerized tomographic angiogram of a patient with coronary stent implantation. White triangles indicate coronary artery stent in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Abbreviation: Ao, aorta; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCx, left circumflex artery.

An example of a mechanical prosthetic heart valve. Photo provided courtesy of St. Jude Medical Co. in Japan.

An example of a thrombosed mechanical heart valve. Stuck valve cannot open or close completely, which causes severe stenosis and regurgitation of the valve and results in severe acute heart failure requiring reoperation with high mortality.

Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Control of Antithrombotic Therapy

Coronary Artery Disease and Antiplatelet Drug

Atrial Fibrillation and Anticoagulant Drug